This was how information was thought to go. Somebody asked, I talked about a few things that were, this was sort of the dogma. And Factor 8 is one of the several proteins that play critical roles in that. When you cut yourself, we have this system that prevents us from bleeding to death, unless you have hemophilia or something like that where's there's a problem with the clotting system, then a very complex set of things happen. What it is, though, it's one of a set of proteins that are involved in clotting of your blood. It didn't really particularly matter what it was in the sense that it was just an example of something that has a lot of intervening sequence. coli, has to replicate pretty fast in order to compete with other microorganisms for the food and whatnot in its environment.Īnd it has relatively little of these extra intervening sequences compared to what we find in our DNA. If you look at microorganisms, for example, yeast is a eukaryotic that, like E. And as long as it works there's no driving force necessarily to get rid of it. There are some regulatory sequences and regulatory actors that are buried in that non-coding DNA.īut another thing may be that this is just the way it's worked in evolution. I mean we still don't fully understand that. And someone asked what all that extra DNA is for. And once you have the mRNA then the ribosome and the charge tRNAs can be used to make the proteins. And in some cases you heard it could be really huge amounts of DNA so that there is this extra thing where there's a pre-mRNA.Īnd this RNA splicing we talked about has to take place to generate the mRNA. But eukaryotes in particular, higher eukaryotes have this odd business that what seemed odd and surprising that when you look at their genes, many of them you cannot do that because it's as if there are extra bits of DNA stuck in the middle.
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You can look in the DNA, and at least if you know where to start, see the start of a protein, you can just use that table of the genetic code and read off the sequence. And in bacteria, as I said, for almost all bacterial genes it's pretty straightforward. So the potential is there for regulation. So you're going to make no RNA and not make the protein at all or make a little RNA and get a little protein, or if it's really a thing you need very large quantities of you can really crank out a lot of RNA and make a lot of protein.
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Instead it does it either one gene at a time, which is the usual case, or occasionally as we see in the lac operon a little tiny cluster of DNAs that have related functions.Īnd the beauty of that is that it then enables the cell to dial in how much protein is being made, in part at least, by determining how much RNA is being made. Now, a point here, it's really critical because we're going to continue to talk about gene regulation.Īnd that is when a cell is making one of these mRNAs, it doesn't make one single copy of all of the genes that are in the genome on one RNA. The idea being that since the DNA, at least in eukaryotes the DNA was in the nucleus and proteins were made out of the cytoplasm, somehow that information had to be carried from the nucleus where the DNA was out to the cytoplasm.Īnd that's where the term messenger was because the RNA was seen as something that would carry the information out.
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There were some other questions sort of running along this general idea of the fact that the information in DNA doesn't go, even though it encodes the information for proteins goes via this rRNA intermediate.